Skip to navigation Skip to content Skip to footer
16 Jess Butzen
Jess Butzen
  • Bats/Throws:
    R/R
  • Year:
    Sr.
  • Hometown:
    Neenah, WI
  • High School:
    Neenah
  • Position:
    P
  • gp
    24
  • avg
    -
  • hr
    -
  • rbi
    0
  • r
    0
  • sb
    -
Bio

Career Statistics

2014:  Garnered honorable mention All-WIAC honors … posted the sixth-best earned run average (3.16) and opposing batting average (.280) during league play ... led the Pioneers with eight wins, 28 appearances and 15 complete games … tossed 139.1 innings and totaled 90 strikeouts, the fifth most in school history … struck out a career-high nine batters in a 11-4 victory at UW-Stevens Point (April 22) … earned her first collegiate victory in her second career start at Westminster (March 10), scattering four hits and only giving up one run … threw a complete game, 4-3 victory against Brockport (March 18) and only allowed five hits and one earned run … pitched a one-hit shutout against UW-Superior (April 5) and then threw four scoreless innings in the nightcap to lead the Pioneers to a sweep of the Yellowjackets.

High School:  Named first team Wisconsin Fastpitch Softball Coaches Association All-District … garnered first team Post Crescent Media All-Area honors … was a first team all-conference selection … set Neenah’s school career strikeout record, amassing 370 strikeouts … posted  1.38 earned run average in her prep career … named academic all-state.

Personal: Daughter of Dave and Joy Butzen … plans to major in biology.
Recent games
Date Opponent Result
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 3-0
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 9-2
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout W, 6-2
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout L, 9-1
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 7-0
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 10-0
Season Statistics
  Overall Conference
Games 24 10
Plate appearances 0 0
At Bats 0 0
Runs 0 0
Hits 0 0
Doubles - -
Triples - -
Home Runs - -
Runs Batted In 0 0
Total bases 0 0
Walks - -
Hit by pitch - -
Strikeouts - -
Sacrifice Flies - -
Sacrifice Hits - -
Hit into double play - -
Stolen Bases - -
Caught Stealing - -
Batting Average - -
On Base Percentage - -
Slugging Percentage - -
Game Log - Hitting
Date Opponent Score gp ab h rbi bb k avg obp slg hbp sf sh hdp go fo go/fo pa 2b 3b hr xbh
Mar 4 at Webster L, 8-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 4 at Webster L, 9-1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 12-3 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 7-6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 11 vs. Central (IA) L, 12-3 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 11 vs. Augsburg W, 8-2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 12 vs. Suffolk L, 8-6 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 12 vs. Dickinson L, 4-3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Greenville L, 7-2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Puget Sound L, 9-3 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 15 vs. MacMurray W, 7-6 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 15 vs. Stevens Institute L, 9-6 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 25 vs. Northland   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 8-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Mar 26 Beloit W, 9-7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras L, 8-2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras W, 9-5 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point W, 5-1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point L, 7-5 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 17-4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 10-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 10-6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 5-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 10 at Dubuque L, 9-8 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 10 at Dubuque W, 6-4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 5-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 8-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 5-0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 3-1 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran L, 10-9 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran W, 4-2 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 3-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 9-2 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout W, 6-2 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout L, 9-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 7-0 1 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 10-0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Game Log - Base Running
Date Opponent Score gp r tb sb cs
Mar 4 at Webster L, 8-0 1 0 0 - -
Mar 4 at Webster L, 9-1 1 0 0 - -
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 12-3 1 0 0 - -
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 7-6 - - - - -
Mar 11 vs. Central (IA) L, 12-3 1 0 0 - -
Mar 11 vs. Augsburg W, 8-2 - - - - -
Mar 12 vs. Suffolk L, 8-6 1 0 0 - -
Mar 12 vs. Dickinson L, 4-3 - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Greenville L, 7-2 - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Puget Sound L, 9-3 1 0 0 - -
Mar 15 vs. MacMurray W, 7-6 1 0 0 - -
Mar 15 vs. Stevens Institute L, 9-6 1 0 0 - -
Mar 25 vs. Northland   - - - - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 8-0 1 0 0 - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 9-7 - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras L, 8-2 - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras W, 9-5 1 0 0 - -
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point W, 5-1 1 0 0 - -
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point L, 7-5 1 0 0 - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 17-4 - - - - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 10-0 1 0 0 - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 10-6 - - - - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 5-0 1 0 0 - -
Apr 10 at Dubuque L, 9-8 1 0 0 - -
Apr 10 at Dubuque W, 6-4 - - - - -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 5-0 1 0 0 - -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 8-0 1 0 0 - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 5-0 - - - - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 3-1 1 0 0 - -
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran L, 10-9 1 0 0 - -
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran W, 4-2 1 0 0 - -
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 3-0 1 0 0 - -
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 9-2 1 0 0 - -
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout W, 6-2 1 0 0 - -
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout L, 9-1 - - - - -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 7-0 1 0 0 - -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 10-0 - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - -
Game Log - Pitching
Date Opponent Score gp w l ip h r er era k k/7 hr whip
Mar 4 at Webster L, 8-0 1 0 1 0.2 4 7 4 42.00 1 10.50 1 -
Mar 4 at Webster L, 9-1 1 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.00 0 .00 - -
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 12-3 1 0 1 2.0 7 6 6 21.00 1 3.50 - -
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 7-6 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 11 vs. Central (IA) L, 12-3 1 0 0 3.0 8 4 3 7.00 3 7.00 - -
Mar 11 vs. Augsburg W, 8-2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 12 vs. Suffolk L, 8-6 1 0 1 7.0 15 8 8 8.00 2 2.00 - -
Mar 12 vs. Dickinson L, 4-3 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Greenville L, 7-2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Puget Sound L, 9-3 1 0 1 5.1 8 7 5 6.56 3 3.94 - -
Mar 15 vs. MacMurray W, 7-6 1 1 0 5.2 7 1 - 0.00 7 8.65 - -
Mar 15 vs. Stevens Institute L, 9-6 1 0 0 3.1 1 - - 0.00 4 8.40 - -
Mar 25 vs. Northland   - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 8-0 1 1 0 6.0 5 0 0 0.00 7 8.17 - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 9-7 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras L, 8-2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras W, 9-5 1 1 0 7.0 11 5 5 5.00 6 6.00 - -
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point W, 5-1 1 1 0 7.0 8 1 1 1.00 3 3.00 - -
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point L, 7-5 1 0 0 2.2 3 1 1 2.63 3 7.88 - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 17-4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 10-0 1 0 1 5.0 14 10 10 14.00 6 8.40 - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 10-6 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 5-0 1 0 1 5.0 8 5 5 7.00 0 .00 3 -
Apr 10 at Dubuque L, 9-8 1 0 1 0.1 3 3 3 63.00 0 .00 - -
Apr 10 at Dubuque W, 6-4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 5-0 1 0 1 4.0 8 5 5 8.75 1 1.75 1 -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 8-0 1 0 0 2.0 3 1 1 3.50 - .00 - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 5-0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 3-1 1 0 1 6.0 10 3 3 3.50 3 3.50 - -
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran L, 10-9 1 0 1 3.2 5 1 1 1.91 - .00 - -
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran W, 4-2 1 1 0 7.0 11 2 2 2.00 7 7.00 - -
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 3-0 1 1 0 7.0 3 0 0 0.00 7 7.00 - -
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 9-2 1 0 0 3.0 1 - - 0.00 1 2.33 - -
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout W, 6-2 1 1 0 7.0 8 2 1 1.00 7 7.00 - -
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout L, 9-1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 7-0 1 0 1 6.0 8 7 5 5.83 2 2.33 1 -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 10-0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - - - - - - - - -
Game Log - Fielding
Date Opponent Score gp tc po a e pb f% dp sba rcs rcs% ci
Mar 4 at Webster L, 8-0 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - 1 - - -
Mar 4 at Webster L, 9-1 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - -
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 12-3 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - - - - -
Mar 5 at Westminster (Mo.) L, 7-6 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 11 vs. Central (IA) L, 12-3 1 0 0 0 0 - - - 3 - - -
Mar 11 vs. Augsburg W, 8-2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 12 vs. Suffolk L, 8-6 1 3 0 3 0 - 1.000 - 3 - - -
Mar 12 vs. Dickinson L, 4-3 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Greenville L, 7-2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 14 vs. Puget Sound L, 9-3 1 3 2 1 0 - 1.000 - 2 - - -
Mar 15 vs. MacMurray W, 7-6 1 0 0 0 0 - - - 3 - - -
Mar 15 vs. Stevens Institute L, 9-6 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - -
Mar 25 vs. Northland   - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 8-0 1 3 0 3 0 - 1.000 - 1 - - -
Mar 26 Beloit W, 9-7 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras L, 8-2 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mar 28 Loras W, 9-5 1 2 2 0 0 - 1.000 - 2 - - -
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point W, 5-1 1 2 2 0 0 - 1.000 - - - - -
Apr 1 Wis.-Stevens Point L, 7-5 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - - - - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 17-4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 2 Wis.-La Crosse L, 10-0 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - 3 - - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 10-6 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 8 at Wis.-Oshkosh L, 5-0 1 3 1 2 0 - 1.000 - - 1 1.000 -
Apr 10 at Dubuque L, 9-8 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - -
Apr 10 at Dubuque W, 6-4 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 5-0 1 0 0 0 0 - - - 4 - - -
Apr 12 at Wis.-Whitewater L, 8-0 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - - - - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 5-0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 18 at Cornell College L, 3-1 1 0 0 0 0 - - - 2 - - -
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran L, 10-9 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - - - - -
Apr 20 Wis. Lutheran W, 4-2 1 2 1 1 0 - 1.000 - 1 1 .500 -
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 3-0 1 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - -
Apr 22 Wis.-River Falls W, 9-2 1 1 0 1 0 - 1.000 - - - - -
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout W, 6-2 1 5 1 4 0 - 1.000 - 4 - - -
Apr 23 Wis.-Stout L, 9-1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 7-0 1 2 1 0 1 - .500 - 5 - - -
Apr 29 at Wis.-Eau Claire L, 10-0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 2 Wartburg   - - - - - - - - - - - -
  gp ab h rbi bb k avg obp slg hbp sf sh hdp go fo go/fo pa 2b 3b hr xbh
2013-14 28 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
2014-15 18 1 0 0 - - .000 .000 .000 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 0
2015-16 16 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
2016-17 24 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Total 86 1 0 0 - - .000 .000 .000 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 0

Career Stats: Hitting

  gp r tb sb cs
2013-14 28 0 0 - -
2014-15 18 0 0 - -
2015-16 16 0 0 - -
2016-17 24 0 0 - -
Total 86 0 0 - -

Career Stats: Base Running

  era w l app gs sv ip h r er bb k k/7 hr whip bf wp hbp
2013-14 3.47 8 13 28 22 1 139.1 159 95 69 41 90 4.52 13 1.44 627 5 6
2014-15 4.65 5 12 18 16 0 105.1 160 97 70 41 54 3.59 14 1.91 533 2 4
2015-16 5.84 3 12 16 15 0 94.2 148 99 79 23 67 4.95 9 1.81 472 4 1
2016-17 4.57 7 11 24 16 1 105.2 159 79 69 17 74 4.90 6 1.67 512 - 6
Total 4.51 23 48 86 69 2 445.0 626 370 287 122 285 4.48 42 1.68 2144 11 17

Career Stats: Pitching

  gp tc po a e pb f% dp sba rcs rcs% ci
2013-14 28 37 8 27 2 - .946 1 25 8 .242 -
2014-15 18 30 3 26 1 - .967 - 32 3 .086 -
2015-16 16 30 11 18 1 - .967 - 30 3 .091 -
2016-17 24 32 10 21 1 - .969 - 34 2 .056 -
Total 86 129 32 92 5 - .961 1 121 16 .117 -

Career Stats: Fielding

  gp ab h rbi bb k avg obp slg hbp sf sh hdp go fo go/fo pa 2b 3b hr xbh
Event                                          
Total 24 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Conference 10 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Exhibition - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Location                                          
Home 10 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Away 9 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Neutral 5 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Result                                          
Wins 8 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Losses 16 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
Month                                          
March 10 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0
April 14 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 0

Splits Stats: Hitting

  gp r tb sb cs
Event          
Total 24 0 0 - -
Conference 10 0 0 - -
Exhibition - - 0 - -
Location          
Home 10 0 0 - -
Away 9 0 0 - -
Neutral 5 0 0 - -
Result          
Wins 8 0 0 - -
Losses 16 0 0 - -
Month          
March 10 0 0 - -
April 14 0 0 - -

Splits Stats: Base Running

  era w l app gs sv ip h r er bb k k/7 hr whip bf wp hbp
Event                                    
Total 4.57 7 11 24 16 1 105.2 159 79 69 17 74 4.90 6 1.67 512 - 6
Conference 4.17 3 4 10 7 1 48.2 64 32 29 8 30 4.32 5 1.48 225 - 3
Exhibition 0.00 - - - - - 0.0 - - - - - .00 - - - - -
Location                                    
Home 2.66 6 2 10 7 1 55.1 69 22 21 7 47 5.95 - 1.37 248 - 3
Away 8.62 0 7 9 7 0 26.0 51 37 32 7 8 2.15 6 2.23 144 - 2
Neutral 4.60 1 2 5 2 0 24.1 39 20 16 3 19 5.47 - 1.73 120 - 1
Result                                    
Wins 1.27 7 0 8 6 1 49.2 54 11 9 6 45 6.34 - 1.21 215 - 2
Losses 7.50 0 11 16 10 0 56.0 105 68 60 11 29 3.63 6 2.07 297 - 4
Month                                    
March 5.42 3 4 10 7 0 40.0 66 38 31 7 34 5.95 1 1.82 200 - 1
April 4.05 4 7 14 9 1 65.2 93 41 38 10 40 4.26 5 1.57 312 - 5

Splits Stats: Pitching

  gp tc po a e pb f% dp sba rcs rcs% ci
Event                        
Total 24 32 10 21 1 - .969 - 34 2 .056 -
Conference 10 16 5 10 1 - .938 - 16 1 .059 -
Exhibition - 0 - - - - - - - - - -
Location                        
Home 10 18 6 12 0 - 1.000 - 11 1 .083 -
Away 9 8 2 5 1 - .875 - 12 1 .077 -
Neutral 5 6 2 4 0 - 1.000 - 11 - - -
Result                        
Wins 8 15 6 9 0 - 1.000 - 11 1 .083 -
Losses 16 17 4 12 1 - .941 - 23 1 .042 -
Month                        
March 10 13 4 9 0 - 1.000 - 15 - - -
April 14 19 6 12 1 - .947 - 19 2 .095 -

Splits Stats: Fielding

News mentions
Four Pioneers earn WIAC honors
Four Pioneers earn WIAC honors

Four University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball players earned Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference honors for 2017.

Pioneers split games vs. UW-Stout
Pioneers split games vs. UW-Stout

The University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball team ran its winning streak to four with a 6-2 win against visiting team University of Wisconsin-Stout Sunday before the Blue Devils halted it with a 9-1 victory in the second game.

Pioneers earn doubleheader sweep
Pioneers earn doubleheader sweep

The University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball team won 3-0 and 9-2 against visiting UW-River Falls on Saturday, earning its first Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference sweep since 2015.

Pioneers go 1-1 against Wisconsin Lutheran
Pioneers go 1-1 against Wisconsin Lutheran

The University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball team lost 10-9 and won 4-2 against visiting team Wisconsin Lutheran College on Thursday.

Pioneers open league play 1-1
Pioneers open league play 1-1

The University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball team began Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference play with one win and one loss against University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point on Saturday. The Pioneers won the opener 5-1, and the Pointers won the nightcap 7-5.

Softball wins, surpasses last year's total
Softball wins, surpasses last year's total

The University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball team beat visiting Loras College 9-5 Tuesday night, surpassing last year's win total already this year. The Duhawks won the first game 8-2.

Pioneers open home season with 2 wins
Pioneers open home season with 2 wins

The University of Wisconsin-Platteville softball team opened its home schedule with two wins against Beloit College on Sunday. The Pioneers won the opener 8-0 and the nightcap 9-7.